CHAPTER 8: SURVEILLANCE SPECIALISTS

  1. Jonathan Peterson, “Where in the World Is Kobi Alexander?,” Baltimore Sun, August 26, 2006, https://www.baltimoresun.com/2006/08/26/where-in-the-world-is-kobi-alexander/ (archive: perma.cc/87S4-JASJ).

  2. Paul E. Ceruzzi, “The Chip and Its Impact, 1965–1975,” in A History of Modern Computing (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998), 177–206; Chris Miller, Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology (New York: Scribner, 2022).

  3. Ernest Holsendolph, “U.S. Settles Phone Suit, Drops I.B.M. Case; A.T.& T. to Split Up, Transforming Industry,” New York Times, January 9, 1982, https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/09/us/us-settles-phone-suit-drops-ibm-case-at-t-to-splitup-transforming-industry.html.

  4. “A Brief History of NSF and the Internet,” US National Science Foundation, August 13, 2003, https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=103050 (archive: perma.cc/G4WM-VLSX).

  5. “Telecommunications Act of 1996,” Federal Communications Commission, June 20, 2013, https://www.fcc.gov/general/telecommunications-act-1996 (archive: perma.cc/7V6L-TRZR).

  6. John Labate, “Companies to Watch,” Fortune, May 17, 1993, https://money.cnn.commagazines/fortune/fortune_archive/1993/05/17/77847/index.htm.

  7. “Tapping into Fax and Modem Links,” Intelligence Online, March 15, 1995, https://www.intelligenceonline.com/technology/1995/03/15/tapping-into-fax-andmodem-links,65292-art.

  8. Labate, “Companies to Watch.”

  9. “Tapping into Fax and Modem Links.”

  10. Brian Hochman, “How the Drug War Convinced America to Wiretap the Digital Revolution,” Humanities, Winter 2023, https://www.neh.gov/article/how-drug-war-convinced-america-wiretap-digital-revolution (archive: perma.cc/7HFW-8JBF).

  11. Dave Banisar, “CPSR Alert 2.05,” CPSR Alert, November 12, 1993, https://cypher punks.venona.com/date/1993/11/msg00462.html.

  12. Susan Landau, “National Security on the Line,” Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law 4, no. 2 (Spring 2006): 409–47.

  13. Greg Walton, China’s Golden Shield: Corporations and the Development of Surveillance Technology in the People’s Republic of China, Rights & Democracy, International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development, 2001, https://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/E84-7-2001E.pdf.

  14. “FAQ on the CALEA Expansion by the FCC,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, https://www.eff.org/pages/calea-faq (archive: perma.cc/L2HU-DAWB).

  15. John Markoff, “F.B.I. Seeks Access to Mobile Phone Locations,” New York Times, July 17, 1998, https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/17/us/fbi-seeks-access-to-mobilephone-locations.html.

  16. Hochman, “How the Drug War Convinced America.”

  17. Christopher Ketcham, “An Israeli Trojan Horse,” CounterPunch, September 27, 2008, https://www.counterpunch.org/2008/09/27/an-israeli-trojan-horse/ (archive: perma.cc/USP9-23ZM).

  18. Office of the Inspector General, The Implementation of the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act, Audit Report 06-13, US Department of Justice, March 2006, https://oig.justice.gov/reports/FBI/a0613/findings.htm (archive: perma.cc/B6ER-KHDH).

  19. John Markoff, “Cellular Phone Groups to Sue Over Wiretapping Regulations,” New York Times, April 24, 1998, https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/24/business/cellularphone-groups-to-sue-over-wiretapping-regulations.html; Office of the Inspector General, The Implementation of the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Audit Report 08-20, US Department of Justice, March 2008, https://oig.justice.gov/reports/FBI/a0820/final.pdf (archive: perma.cc/87QY-WRCD); Susan Landau, “If We Build It (They Will Break In),” Lawfare, February 28, 2020, https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/if-we-build-it-they-will-break.

  20. “Tapping into Fax and Modem Links.”

  21. Verint Systems Inc., Form 10-K, US Securities and Exchange Commission, April 30, 2003, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1166388/000115752303001569/a4383530.txt (archive: perma.cc/URP5-QBBG).

  22. Comverse Technology Inc., Form 10-K, US Securities and Exchange Commission, March 15, 1996, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/803014/0000950130-96-001018.txt (archive: perma.cc/59EP-P22W).

  23. Simon Clark, “U.S. Software Firm Verint Is in Talks to Buy NSO for about $1 Billion,” Wall Street Journal, May 28, 2018, https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-ssoftware-firm-verint-systems-is-in-talks-to-buy-nso-group-for-about-1-billion1527491415.

  24. “NICE Marks 20th Anniversary,” Nice News, March 2006, https://web.archive.org/web/20071022204124/http://www.nice.com/news/newsletter/6_03s/anniversaryphp; “Executive Profile: Ori Cohen,” Businessweek, October 15, 2012, https:// web.archive.org/web/20121015214857/http://investing.businessweek.com/researchstocks/private/person.asp?personId=1635969&privcapId=29785875&previous CapId=22903&previousTitle=Sequoia%20Capital.

  25. “Boeing to Acquire Narus,” Tech Monitor, July 8, 2010, https://techmonitor.ai/technology/software/boeing-to-acquire-narus_080710.

  26. James Bamford, The Shadow Factory: The Ultra-Secret NSA from 9/11 to the Eavesdrop- ping on America (New York: Anchor Books, 2009).

  27. Bamford, Shadow Factory.

  28. Bamford, Shadow Factory.

  29. Sari Horwitz,“Israeli ExpertsTeach Police onTerrorism,”Washington Post,June 11,2005, https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/06/12/israeli-experts-teachpolice-on-terrorism/8cc7830c-df28-4ac1-8bfb-17bc0d3fda28/.

  30. Bamford, Shadow Factory.

  31. Labate, “Companies to Watch.”

  32. Bamford, Shadow Factory.

  33. “Tower’s Top Executives to Step Down,” EE Times, March 4, 2003, https://www.etimes.com/towers-top-executives-to-step-down/.

  34. Richard Sanders, “Israeli Spy Companies: Verint and Narus,” Press for Conversion!, Spring 2012, https://coat.ncf.ca/P4C/66/spy.pdf (archive: perma.cc/FH8Z-8GEU); Nicky Blackburn, “Israeli Voice Veri- fication Keeps Track of Visa Holders to US,” Israel21c, December 11, 2005, https://www.srael21c.org/israeli-voice-verification-keeps-track-of-visa-holders-to-us/.

  35. Blackburn, “Israeli Voice Verification Keeps Track.”

  36. Russell A. Stone, Eliahu Elath, William L. Ochsenwald, and Harvey Sicherman, “Israel,” Encyclopedia Britannica, updated August 2, 2024, https://www.britannica.com/place/Israel; Tom Segev, A State at Any Cost: The Life of David Ben-GurionNew York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019).

  37. Ephraim Kahana, “Reorganizing Israel’s Intelligence Community,” International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 15, no. 3 (2002): 415–28, https://doi.org/10.1080/08850600290101686.

  38. John Reed, “Unit 8200: Israel’s Cyber Spy Agency,” Financial Times, July 10, 2015, https://www.ft.com/content/69f150da-25b8-11e5-bd83-71cb60e8f08c.

  39. Gerald Estrin, “The WEIZAC Years (1954–1963),” Annals of the History of Computing 13, no. 4 (October–December 1991): 317–39, https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1991.10037 (archive: perma.cc/NA32-LJAN).

  40. Reed, “Unit 8200.”

  41. Gil Press, “6 Reasons Israel Became a Cybersecurity Powerhouse Leading the82 Billion Industry,” Forbes, July 18, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2017/07/18/6-reasons-israel-became-a-cybersecurity-powerhouse-leading-the-82-billion-industry/ (archive: perma.cc/56U9-94LG).

  42. Yair Evron, “French Arms Policy in the Middle East,” World Today 26, no. 2 (February 1970): 82–90.

  43. Itai Shapira, “The Yom Kippur Intelligence Failure after Fifty Years: What Lessons Can Be Learned?,” Intelligence and National Security 38, no. 6 (2023): 978–1002, https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2023.2235795.

  44. Eric Sof, “Sayeret Matkal: A Israel’s Equivalent to the Delta Force,” Spec Ops Maga- zine, May 15, 2013, https://special-ops.org/sayeret-matkal/ (archive: perma.cc/6KL8-SRD3).

  45. Reed, “Unit 8200.”

  46. Dan Senor and Saul Singer, Start-up Nation: The Story of Israel’s Economic MiracleToronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2011).

  47. Press, “6 Reasons Israel Became a Cybersecurity Powerhouse.”

  48. Catherine de Fontenay and Erran Carmel, “Israel’s Silicon Wadi: The Forces behind Cluster Formation,” SIEPR Discussion Paper No. 00-40, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research, June 2001, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QU-BxZBAjZq_64KztKY0m8QQG4IYYzBB/view (archive: perma.cc/5HD8-NEEY).

  49. “The Unit,” Forbes, February 8, 2007, https://www.forbes.com/2007/02/07/israel-military-unit-ventures-biz-cx_gk_0208israel.html (archive: perma.cc/VSE9-CQCC).

  50. Amos Barshad, “Inside Israel’s Lucrative—and Secretive—Cybersurveillance Industry,” Rest of World, March 9, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/inside-israels-lucrative-and-secretive-cybersurveillance-talent-pipeline/ (archive: perma.cc/7VT5-EP3V).

  51. Eitay Mack, “A Deep Dive into Shady Nexus between Israel Foreign Ministry and Private Firms,” Wire, July 27, 2023, https://thewire.in/world/leaked-diplomaticcables-reveal-shady-nexus-between-israel-foreign-ministry-and-private-firms (archive: perma.cc/EE9Z-2WDF); Eitay Mack, “How Israel Helped Prop Up Rwanda’s Hutu Regime before the Geno- cide,” +972 Magazine, April 29, 2019, https://www.972mag.com/rwanda-genocidehutu-israel/.

  52. Hagar Shezaf and Jonathan Jacobson, “Revealed: Israel’s Cyber-Spy Industry Helps World Dictators Hunt Dissidents and Gays,” Haaretz, October 20, 2018, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2018-10-20/ty-article-magazine/.premium/israels-cyber-spy-industry-aids-dictators-hunt-dissidents-and-gays/0000017f-e9a9-dc91-a17f-fdadde240000 (archive: perma.cc/6X4X-7U4C).

  53. Alexandra Konn, “Israel’s Information Control Regime in the Occupied Palestinian Territories,” Organization for World Peace, June 7, 2021, https://theowp.org/reports/israels-information-control-regime-in-the-occupied-palestinianterritories/.

  54. Antony Loewenstein, The Palestine Laboratory: How Israel Exports the Technology of Occupation around the World (London: Verso Books, 2023).

  55. Reed, “Unit 8200.”

  56. Loewenstein, Palestine Laboratory.

  57. Loewenstein, Palestine Laboratory.

  58. Julie Creswell, “At Comverse, Many Smart Business Moves and Maybe a Bad One,” New York Times, August 21, 2006, https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/21/technology21options.html.

  59. Kevin Dugan, “A Decade on the Lam, Ex-Comverse CEO to Return to US,” New York Post, August 22, 2016, https://nypost.com/2016/08/22/a-decade-on-the-lam-ex-comverse-ceo-to-return-to-us/ (archive: perma.cc/Y2XV-DZ8Q).

  60. Dugan, “Decade on the Lam.”

  61. Dugan, “Decade on the Lam.”

  62. “Verint Delisted from NASDAQ,” Security Systems News, March 1, 2007, https://www.securitysystemsnews.com/article/verint-delisted-nasdaq (archive: perma.cc/C9B2-29JU).

  63. “Verint to Buy Comverse Technology,” Reuters, August 13, 2012, https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSBRE87C10F/.