CHAPTER 5: “TRUST ME, I AM THE ONE”

  1. (@YakathahChannel), YouTube channel, accessed February 12, 2024, https:/www.youtube.com/@YakathahChannel.

  2. Mike Armstrong,“Saudi Dissident in Quebec Says People Who Ordered Khashoggi’s Killing Were Also after Him,” Global News, October 22, 2018, https://globalnewsca/news/4583529/saudi-dissident-omar-abdulaziz-jamal-khashoggi/.

  3. Matthew Braga, “A Quebecer Spoke Out against the Saudis—Then Learned He Had Spyware on His iPhone,” CBC News, October 1, 2018, https://www.cbc.canews/science/omar-abdulaziz-spyware-saudi-arabia-nso-citizen-lab-quebec1.4845179.

  4. Jillian Kestler-D’Amours, “Saudi Dissident Vows to ‘Keep Fighting’ after Year of Intimidation, Arrests and Murder,” Middle East Eye, December 28, 2018, https:/www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-dissident-vows-keep-fighting-after-yearintimidation-arrests-and-murder.

  5. Tim Adams, “Khashoggi Confidant Omar Abdulaziz: ‘I’m Worried about the Safety of the People of Saudi Arabia,’” Guardian, February 20, 2021, www.theguardian.com/film/2021/feb/20/me-jamal-khashoggi-mohammed-bin-salman-omar-abdulazizthe-dissident-netflix.

  6. Nina dos Santos and Michael Kaplan, “Jamal Khashoggi’s Private WhatsApp Messages May Offer New Clues to Killing,” CNN, December 4, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/02/middleeast/jamal-khashoggi-whatsapp-messages-intl/index.html (archive: perma.cc/3R95-JPCV).

  7. Shane Harris and Souad Mekhennet, “Saudi Crown Prince Exchanged Messages with Aide Alleged to Have Overseen Khashoggi Killing,” Washington Post, December 2, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/saudi-crown-prince-exchanged-messages-with-aide-alleged-to-have-overseen-khashoggi-killing/2018/12/01/faa43758-f5c3-11e8-9240-e8028a62c722_story.html (archive: perma.cc/FT4Z-F5BU).

  8. David Ignatius, “The Khashoggi Killing Had Roots in a Cutthroat Saudi Family Feud,” Washington Post, November 27, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-khashoggi-killing-had-roots-in-a-cutthroat-saudi-family-feud/2018/11/27/6d79880c-f17b-11e8-bc79-68604ed88993_story.html (archive: perma.cc/W6K7-W2AE).

  9. Leyland Cecco, “Saudi Foreign Minister Demands Canada Stop Treating It like a ‘Banana Republic,’” Guardian, September 28, 2018, www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/28/saudi-foreign-minister-demands-canada-stop-treating-it-like-a-banana-republic (archive: perma.cc/KUF4-LQBF).

  10. “Saudi Arabia Arrests Sister of Imprisoned Blogger,” CBC News, August 1, 2018, https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/samar-badawi-arrested-1.4770268 (archive: perma.cc/CZE5-4AHY).

  11. Foreign Policy CAN (@CanadaFP), “Canada is gravely concerned about additional arrests of civil society and women’s rights activists in #SaudiArabia, including Samar Badawi. We urge the Saudi authorities to immediately release them and all other peaceful #humanrights activists,” X, August 3, 2018, https://x.com/CanadaFP/status1025383326960549889 (archive: perma.cc/X9W8-F92R).

  12. Mark Gollom, “Saudi Arabia ‘Allergic to Criticism,’ Making Example out of Canada, Analysts Say,” CBC News, August 8, 2018, https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/saudiarabia-sanctions-canada-ambassador-1.4776502 (archive: perma.cc/N9YN-4YLU).

  13. Foreign Ministry (@KSAmofaEN), “#Statement | The negative and surprising attitude of #Canada is an entirely false claim and utterly incorrect,” X, August 5, 2018, https://x.com/KSAmofaEN/status/1026241364604932096 (archive: perma.cc/E3RB-K873 ); Foreign Ministry (@KSAmofaEN), “#Statement | KSA through its history has not and will not accept any form of interfering in the internal affairs of the Kingdom. The KSA considers the Canadian position an attack on the KSA and requires a firm stance to deter who attempts to undermine the sovereignty of the KSA,” X, August 5, 2018, https://xcom/KSAmofaEN/status/1026241371361996800?lang=en.

  14. Foreign Ministry (@KSAmofaEN), “#Statement | Any other attempt to inter- fere with our internal affairs from #Canada, means that we are allowed to interfere in #Canada’s internal affairs,” X, August 5, 2018, https://x.com/i/web/status1026241374516113409 (archive: perma.cc/S8AF-HYVX).

  15. Ryan Patrick Jones, “Saudi Arabian Group Apologizes for Posting Image Appearing to Threaten Canada with 9/11-Style Attack,” CBC News, August 6, 2018, www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/saudi-arabian-group-apologizes-for-posting-image-appearing-to-threaten-canada-with-9-11-style-attack-1.4775509 (archive: perma.cc/PD4K-38B6).

  16. Eric Lichtblau and James Risen, “9/11 and the Saudi Connection,” Intercept, September 11, 2021, theintercept.com/2021/09/11/september-11-saudi-arabia/ (archive: perma.cc/8XH9-K7D6 ); Daniel Benjamin and Steven Simon, “New 9/11 Evidence Points to Deep Saudi Complicity,” Atlantic, May 20, 2024, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive2024/05/september-11-attacks-saudi-arabia-lawsuit/678430/.

  17. Jeremy Nuttall, “Case against Saudi Crown Prince by Toronto Resident Dismissed in U.S. Court,” Toronto Star, October 27, 2022, www.thestar.com/news/canada/caseagainst-saudi-crown-prince-by-toronto-resident-dismissed-in-u-s-court/article6fc786a9-2056-5806-843f-3bf79243a430.html.

  18. Bill Marczak, John Scott-Railton, and Ron Deibert, NSO Group Infrastructure Linked to Targeting of Amnesty International and Saudi Dissident, Research Report No. 110, Citizen Lab, University of Toronto, July 31, 2018, citizenlab.ca/2018/07/nso-spyware-targeting-amnesty-international/ (archive: perma.cc/24A8-PW7V).

  19. Bethan McKernan, “Jamal Khashoggi Murder: Timeline of Key Events,” Guardian, December 23, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/23/jamal-khashoggi-timeline-of-key-events.

  20. Karen Attiah, “Let the World Hear Jamal Khashoggi’s Last Words in Arabic,” Washington Post, September 29, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/201909/30/let-world-hear-jamal-khashoggis-last-words-arabic/.

  21. David Hearst, “Jamal Khashoggi’s Killing Took Seven Minutes, Turkish Source Tells MEE,” Middle East Eye, December 10, 2018, https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/jamal-khashoggis-killing-took-seven-minutes-turkish-source-tells-mee.

  22. Gul Tuysuz, Salma Abdelaziz, Ghazi Balkiz, Ingrid Formanek, and Clarissa Ward, “Surveillance Footage Shows Saudi ‘Body Double’ in Khashoggi’s Clothes after He Was Killed, Turkish Source Says,” CNN, October 23, 2018, https://www.cnn.com2018/10/22/middleeast/saudi-operative-jamal-khashoggi-clothes/index.html.

  23. Cassandra Garrison, “A High-Five from Putin and That Awkward Photograph— Saudi Prince’s G20 Summit,” Reuters, December 2, 2018, https://www.reuters.comarticle/idUSKCN1O1047/.

  24. Kestler-D’Amours, “Saudi Dissident Vows to ‘Keep Fighting.’”

  25. Ben Hubbard, “The Rise and Fall of M.B.S.’s Digital Henchman,” New York Times, March 13, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/03/13/sunday-review/mbs-hacking.html (archive: perma.cc/3ZUM-J5MM).

  26. “‘Saudi Arabia’s Steve Bannon,’ Saud al-Qahtani, Still Active despite ‘Firing’ over Khashoggi Murder,” New Arab, February 12, 2019, https://www.newarab.com/news/saud-al-qahtani-still-active-despite-firing-over-khashoggi-murder (archive: perma.cc/E4X8-M3GB).

  27. Michael Forsythe, Mark Mazzetti, Ben Hubbard, and Walt Bogdanich, “Consulting Firms Keep Lucrative Saudi Alliance, Shaping Crown Prince’s Vision,” New York Times, November 4, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/04/world/middleeastmckinsey-bcg-booz-allen-saudi-khashoggi.html.

  28. Kate Conger, Mike Isaac, Katie Benner, and Nicole Perlroth, “Former Twitter Employees Charged with Spying for Saudi Arabia,” New York Times, November 6, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/06/technology/twitter-saudi-arabia-spieshtml.

  29. Katie Paul, “Twitter Suspends Accounts Linked to Saudi Spying Case,” Reuters, December 20, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1YO1JU/.

  30. “New Disclosures to Our Archive of State-Backed Information Operations,” Blog, December 20, 2019, blog.x.com/en_us/topics/company/2019/new-disclosures-to-our-archive-of-state-backed-information-operations.

  31. Shane Harris, Greg Miller, and Josh Dawsey, “CIA Concludes Saudi Crown Prince Ordered Jamal Khashoggi’s Assassination,” Washington Post, November 16, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-concludes-saudi-crown-prince-ordered-jamal-khashoggis-assassination/2018/11/16/98c89fe6-e9b2-11e8-a939-9469f1166f9d_story.html (archive: perma.cc/B37D-VUPM).

  32. Lesley Stahl, “CEO of Israeli Spyware-Maker NSO on Fighting Terror, Khashoggi Murder, and Saudi Arabia,” CBS News, May 14, 2019, https://www.cbsnews.comnews/interview-with-ceo-of-nso-group-israeli-spyware-maker-on-fighting-terrorkhashoggi-murder-and-saudi-arabia-60-minutes/.

  33. Dana Priest, “A UAE Agency Put Pegasus Spyware on Phone of Jamal Khashoggi’s Wife Monthsbefore His Murder,New Forensics Show,”Washington Post,December 21, 2021, https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/interactive/2021/hanan-elatr-phonepegasus/.

  34. Bill Marczak, John Scott-Railton, Siena Anstis, Bahr Abdul Razzak, and Ron Deibert, “Breaking the News: New York Times Journalist Ben Hubbard Hacked with Pegasus after Reporting on Previous Hacking Attempts,” Citizen Lab, University of Toronto, October 24, 2021, https://citizenlab.ca/2021/10/breaking-news-new-york-times-journalist-ben-hubbard-pegasus/ (archive: perma.cc/6BXV-RKZD).

  35. Ben Hubbard, “Someone Tried to Hack My Phone. Technology Researchers Accused Saudi Arabia,” New York Times, January 28, 2020, www.nytimes.com/202001/28/reader-center/phone-hacking-saudi-arabia.html.

  36. Ben Hubbard, “I Was Hacked. The Spyware Used against Me Makes Us All Vulner- able,” New York Times, October 24, 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/10/24/insiderhacking-nso-surveillance.html.

  37. Amnesty International, “Massive Data Leak Reveals Israeli NSO Group’s Spyware Used to Target Activists, Journalists, and Political Leaders Globally,” press release, July 19, 2021, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2021/07/the-pegasus-project/ (archive: perma.cc/MD52-Q92W).

  38. “Pegasus: Who Are the Alleged Victims of Spyware Targeting?,” BBC, July 22, 2021, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-57891506 (archive: perma.cc/V97T-W53F).

  39. Office of the Director of National Intelligence, “Assessing the Saudi Government’s Role in the Killing of Jamal Khashoggi,” February 11, 2021, https://www.dni.govfiles/ODNI/documents/assessments/Assessment-Saudi-Gov-Role-in-JK-Death20210226v2.pdf.

  40. “‘Antithesis of Justice’: Khashoggi Verdict Roundly Condemned,” Al Jazeera, December 24, 2019, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/24/antithesis-of-justice-khashoggi-verdict-roundly-condemned.

  41. Office of the Director of National Intelligence, “Assessing the Saudi Government’s Role.”

  42. Warren P. Strobel, “CIA Intercepts Underpin Assessment Saudi Crown Prince Targeted Khashoggi,” Wall Street Journal, December 1, 2018, www.wsj.com/articlescia-intercepts-underpin-assessment-saudi-crown-prince-targeted-khashoggi1543640460.

  43. Robert Tait, “Biden Accused of Betrayal of Khashoggi over Push to Deepen Saudi Ties,” Guardian, October 7, 2023, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/oct/07/biden-saudi-arabia-mohammed-bin-salman-jamal-khashoggi (archive: perma.cc/ASQ3-RRYM).

  44. Darren Major, “Canada, Saudi Arabia Agree to Restore Relations 5 Years after Diplomatic Feud,” CBC News, May 24, 2023, https://www.cbc.ca/news/politicscanada-saudi-arabia-restoring-diplomatic-relations-1.6853285 (archive: perma.cc/TT6G-DEQT).

  45. Steven Chase, “Saudi Arabia Is Top Export Destination for Canadian Arms after United States in 2022,” Globe and Mail, June 4, 2023, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-saudi-arabia-canadian-arms-exports/.

  46. Omar Abdulaziz v. Twitter Inc., Case No. 19-cv-06694-LB (N.D. Cal. Feb. 18, 2021).

  47. Oliver Holmes and Stephanie Kirchgaessner, “Israeli Spyware Firm Fails to Get Hacking Case Dismissed,” Guardian, January 16, 2020, www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/16/israeli-spyware-firm-nso-hacking-case.

  48. “Bindmans Launches Legal Action in the United Kingdom on Misuse of PegasusSpyware,” Bindmans, April 19, 2022, www.bindmans.com/knowledge-hub/news/bindmans-launches-legal-action-in-the-united-kingdom-on-misuse-of-pegasus-spyware/ (archive: perma.cc/GQ2Q-LLH2 ); Hanan Elatr Khashoggi v. NSO Group Technologies Limited and Q Cyber Technologies Limited, Case No. 1:2023cv00779—Document 50 (E.D. Va. Oct. 26, 2023), https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/virginia/vaedce/1:2023cv00779/539227/50/ (archive: perma.cc/CH3V-GB93).

  49. Adams, “Khashoggi Confidant Omar Abdulaziz.”

  50. Stephanie Kirchgaessner, “Saudi Dissident Warned by Canadian Police He Is a Target,” Guardian, June 21, 2020, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun21/exclusive-saudi-dissident-warned-by-canadian-police-he-is-a-target.

  51. Douglas Quan and Nadine Yousif, “He Claimed Asylum in Canada and Spoke Out against the Saudi Regime. So Why Has Ahmed Alharby Gone Home?,” Toronto Star, February 19, 2021, https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/he-claimed-asylum-in-canada-and-spoke-out-against-the-saudi-regime-so-why-has/article_2c28e941-f7b7-5715-bcb1-c55efb917aa8.html (archive: perma.cc/ESG3-CUNE).

  52. Douglas Quan, Alex Boutilier, and Nadine Yousif, “Canada Needs to Investi- gate Saudi Dissident’s Mysterious Return to Homeland, Critics Say,” Toronto Star, February 23, 2021, https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/canada-needs-toinvestigate-saudi-dissident-s-mysterious-return-to-homeland-critics-say/articleef4e3459-c2f9-5457-9d8c-a67558753746.html.

  53. Kestler-D’Amours, “Saudi Dissident Vows to ‘Keep Fighting.’”