CHAPTER 17: EUROPE FLOODED WITH WATERGATES

  1. Elena Becatoros, “Greece: Intelligence Chief Resigns amid Spyware Allegations,” Courthouse News Service, August 5, 2022, https://www.courthousenews.comgreece-intelligence-chief-resigns-amid-spyware-allegations/.

  2. “Greek Spy Chief Resigns over Israeli Spyware Surveillance Claims,” New Arab, August 7, 2022, https://www.newarab.com/news/greek-spy-chief-resigns-over-israeli-spyware-claims (archive: perma.cc/SZX8-PXRF).

  3. “History of EYP,” Εθνική Υπηρεσία Πληροφοριών, accessed June 1, 2024, https://www.nis.gr/en/agency/historical-background (archive: perma.cc/FT57-Y94K).

  4. Helena Smith, “Journalists Who Revealed Greek Wiretapping Scandal Appear in Court,” Guardian, January 25, 2024, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/jan/25/journalists-who-revealed-greek-wiretapping-scandal-appear-in-court (archive: perma.cc/TY5Q-QYSW).

  5. Bill Marczak, John Scott-Railton, Bahr Abdul Razzak, Noura al-Jizawi, Siena Anstis, Kristin Berdan, and Ron Deibert, Pegasus vs. Predator: Dissident’s Doubly- Infected iPhone Reveals Cytrox Mercenary Spyware, Research Report No. 147, Citizen Lab, University of Toronto, December 16, 2021, https://citizenlab.ca/2021/12pegasus-vs-predator-dissidents-doubly-infected-iphone-reveals-cytrox-mercenaryspyware/.

  6. Marczak et al., Pegasus vs. Predator.

  7. Saska Cvetkoska, Ivana Nasteska, Bojan Stojanovski, Tasos Telloglou, Eliza Trianta- fillou, and Miroslava Simonovska, “Israeli Company Developed Spyware in Skopje, Local Officials Looked the Other Way,” Investigative Reporting Lab Macedonia, April 12, 2023, https://irl.mk/israeli-company-developed-spyware-in-skopje-local-officials-looked-the-other-way/ (archive: perma.cc/6HFY-95GG).

  8. Patrick Howell O’Neill, “The Lucrative Government Spyware Industry Has a New ‘One-Stop-Shop’ for Hacking Everything,” Gizmodo, February 15, 2019, https://gizmodo.com/the-lucrative-government-spyware-industry-has-a-new-one-1832568791 (archive: perma.cc/48PG-CYNV).

  9. Marczak et al., Pegasus vs. Predator.

  10. Thomas Brewster, “A Multimillionaire Surveillance Dealer Steps Out of the Shadows . . . and His $9 Million WhatsApp Hacking Van,” Forbes, August 5, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2019/08/05/a-multimillionairesurveillance-dealer-steps-out-of-the-shadows-and-his-9 -million-whatsapphacking-van/.

  11. Mark Mazzetti, Ronen Bergman, and Matina Stevis-Gridneff, “How the Global Spyware Industry Spiraled Out of Control,” New York Times, December 8, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/08/us/politics/spyware-nso-pegasus-paragonhtml.

  12. Tasos Telloglou et al., “Flight of the Predator,” Lighthouse Reports, November 30, 2022, https://www.lighthousereports.com/investigation/flight-of-the-predator/ (archive: perma.cc/6RJG-NPEF).

  13. Grace Woodruff, “What We Know about the Secretive Company behind the Pegasus Spy Software,” Slate, July 20, 2021, https://slate.com/technology/2021/07/nso-group-pegasus-spyware.html (archive: perma.cc/K8AV-WW25).

  14. Mazzetti, Bergman, and Stevis-Gridneff, “How the Global Spyware Industry Spiraled.”

  15. David Agranovich and Mike Dvilyanski, “Taking Action against the Surveillance- for-Hire Industry,” Meta, December 16, 2021, https://about.fb.com/news/2021/12/taking-action-against-surveillance-for-hire/ (archive: perma.cc/HM6J-P8AL).

  16. Agranovich and Dvilyanski, “Taking Action.”

  17. Nektaria Stamouli, “Data, Spies and Indifference: How Mitsotakis Survived His ‘Watergate,’” Balkan Insight, June 12, 2023, https://balkaninsight.com/2023/06/12data-spies-and-indifference-how-mitsotakis-survived-his-watergate/.

  18. Tasos Telloglou and Eliza Triantafyllou, “Who Was Tracking the Mobile Phone of Journalist Thanasis Koukakis?,” Inside Story, April 11, 2022, https://insidestory.grarticle/who-was-tracking-mobile-phone-journalist-thanasis-koukakis.

  19. Telloglou and Triantafyllou, “Who Was Tracking the Mobile Phone?”

  20. Telloglou and Triantafyllou, “Who Was Tracking the Mobile Phone?”

  21. Omer Benjakob, “‘Great Alarm’: First Detected Use of Mysterious Israeli Spyware on EU National,” Haaretz, April 19, 2022, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/tech-news/2022-04-19/ty-article/israeli-predator-spyware-foundin-phone-of-top-greek -investigative -reporter /00000180 -6565 -dc5d -a1cd757f069c0000; Telloglou and Triantafyllou, “Who Was Tracking the Mobile Phone?”

  22. Benjakob, “‘Great Alarm.’”

  23. Thanasis Koukakis (@nasoskook), “Η κυβέρνηση τοποθετήθηκε στο δημοσίευμα του @insidestory_gr με τη βεβαιότητα πως η παρακολούθηση μου έγινε από ιδιώτη. Αναμένω το πόρισμα της ΑΔΑΕ που θα επιβεβαιώνει τον ισχυρισμό αυτό,” X, April 11, 2022, https://twitter.com/nasoskook/status/1513459956581871616 (archive: perma.cc/W6VJ-VRCA).

  24. Koukakis (@nasoskook), “Η κυβέρνηση τοποθετήθηκε στο δημοσίευμα του.”

  25. Nikolas Leontopoulos and Thodoris Chondrogiannos, “Εχθρός του Κράτους: Αποδεικνύουμε ότι η κυβέρνηση Μητσοτάκη παρακολουθούσε τον δημοσιογράφο Θανάση Κουκάκη,” Reporters United, April 15, 2022, https://www.reportersunited.gr/8646/eyp-koukakis/.

  26. Leontopoulos and Chondrogiannos, “Εχθρός του Κράτους.”

  27. “Four Greek Investigative Journalists Say Intelligence Authorities Followed Them, Tracked Their Phones,” Committee to Protect Journalists, November 4, 2022, https://cpj.org/2022/11/four-greek-investigative-journalists-say-intelligence-authorities-followed-them-tracked-their-phones/ (archive: perma.cc/2F97-UCNX).

  28. “Four Greek Investigative Journalists.”

  29. “Four Greek Investigative Journalists.”

  30. “Four Greek Investigative Journalists.”

  31. Spiros Sideris, “EU Commission Alarmed by New Spyware Case against Greek Socialist Leader,” Euractiv, July 27, 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/news/eu-commission-alarmed-by-new-spyware-case-against-greek-socialist-leader/ (archive: perma.cc/G7T2-M564).

  32. Sideris, “EU Commission Alarmed by New Spyware.”

  33. Benjakob, “‘Great Alarm.’”

  34. Moira Lavelle, “Reporters Dig Up More Links between Greek Government and Spyware,” Al Jazeera, November 17, 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/17/reporters-dig-up-more-links-between-greek-government-and-spyware (archive: perma.cc/XB3W-G5J8); Helena Smith, “Greek PM denies knowing about tapping of opponent’s phone,” Guardian, August 8, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/08/greekpm-denies-knowing-about-tapping-of-opponents-phone.

  35. “Greek Spy Chief Resigns.”

  36. Jason Horowitz and Niki Kitsantonis, “A Greek Scandal Reverberates as Eavesdrop- ping Expands in Europe,” New York Times, August 12, 2022, https://www.nytimes.com2022/08/12/world/europe/greece-surveillance-europe-kyriakos-mitsotakis.html.

  37. “Hungary 2023,” Amnesty International, https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/europe-and-central-asia/western-central-and-south-eastern-europe/hungary/report-hungary/ (archive: perma.cc/RSY3-X54V); Paul Kirby and Nick Thorpe, “Who Is Viktor Orban, Hungarian PM with 14-Year Grip on Power?,” BBC, February 13, 2024, https://www.bbc.comnews/world-europe-67832416.

  38. Szabó and Vissy v. Hungary, No. 37138/14 (ECtHR Jan. 12, 2016).

  39. András Király, “Mi ez a kémszoftver, amit a hírszerzésünk és a titkosszolgálatunk is használ?,” 444, July 8, 2015, https://444.hu/2015/07/08/mi-ez-a-kemszoftver-amit-a-hirszerzesunk-es-a-titkosszolgalatunk-is-hasznal (archive: perma.cc/695U-EA6T).

  40. Marczak et al., Pegasus vs. Predator.

  41. Marczak et al., Pegasus vs. Predator.

  42. Shaun Walker, “Viktor Orbán Using NSO Spyware in Assault on Media, Data Suggests,” Guardian, July 18, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/jul/18/viktor-orban-using-nso-spyware-in-assault-on-media-data-suggests (archive: perma.cc/C4FB-UYJM).

  43. “Hungary: The Government Must Provide a Meaningful Response to the Pegasus Scandal,” Amnesty International, July 20, 2021, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2021/07/hungary-the-government-must-provide-a-meaningful-response-to-the-pegasus-scandal/ (archive: perma.cc/XV2F-D7MV).

  44. Szabolcs Panyi and András Pethö, “Hungarian Journalists and Critics of Orbán Were Targeted with Pegasus, a Powerful Israeli Cyberweapon,” Direkt36, July 19, 2021, https://www.direkt36.hu/en/leleplezodott-egy-durva-izraeli-kemfegyver-az-orban-kormany-kritikusait-es-magyar-ujsagirokat-is-celba-vettek-vele/ (archive: perma.cc/D6SH-CQVU).

  45. Walker, “Viktor Orbán Using NSO Spyware.”

  46. Walker, “Viktor Orbán Using NSO Spyware.”

  47. Stephanie Kirchgaessner, “Phones of Journalist Who Tracked Viktor Orban’s Child- hood Friend Infected with Spyware,” Guardian, September 21, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2021/sep/21/hungary-journalist-daniel-nemeth-phonesinfected-with-nso-pegasus-spyware (archive: perma.cc/E3HY-SH2N).

  48. Kirchgaessner, “Phones of Journalist.”

  49. Kassai Zsigmond, “Nyomozást rendelt el az ügyészség Pegasus-ügyben,” 24.hu (archive: perma.cc/55GT-4685), July 22, 2021, https://24.hu (archive: perma.cc/55GT-4685)/belfold/2021/07/22/pegasus-kemprogram-ugyeszsegnyomozat/.

  50. “Hungarians Protest against Alleged Illegal Surveillance with Pegasus Spyware,” Reuters, July 27, 2021, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/hungarians-protestagainst-alleged-illegal-surveillance-with-pegasus-spyware-2021-07-26/.

  51. Justin Spike, “Hungary: Politicians Demand Inquiry into Alleged Spying,” Associ- ated Press, July 19, 2021, https://apnews.com/article/technology-europe-hungary-5d42379b6ee15a4f309f4ae022c0f536 (archive: perma.cc/5KKE-PZ6S).

  52. Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, mission report, November 26, 2021, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/plmrep/COMMITTEES/LIBE/DV/2021/11-29/MissionreportHungary_EN.pdf (archive: perma.cc/4ZKP-59XZ).

  53. “Hungary Admits to Using Pegasus Spyware,” DW, April 11, 2021, https://www.dw.com/en/hungary-admits-to-using-nso-groups-pegasus-spyware/a-59726217.

  54. Walker, “Viktor Orbán Using NSO Spyware.”

  55. Szabolcs Panyi, “The Inside Story of How Pegasus Was Brought to Hungary,” Direkt36, September 28, 2022, https://www.direkt36.hu/en/feltarulnak-a-pegasus-kemszoftver-beszerzesenek-rejtelyei/ (archive: perma.cc/PWY7-V5DX).

  56. Marton Dunai, “Hungary’s Orban Welcomes Netanyahu, Vows to Fight Anti-Sem- itism,” Reuters, July 18, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1A31G8/.

  57. Vlad Makszimov, “Hungary Hires Ex-Pegasus Spyware Lobbyist,” Euractiv, January 24, 2022, https://www.euractiv.com/section/politics/short_news/hungary-hires-ex-pegasus-spyware-lobbyist/ (archive: perma.cc/4LHY-7EEV).

  58. “Viktor Orban’s Intelligence Corps Keeps Watch in Brussels,” Intelligence Online, February 6, 2023, https://www.intelligenceonline.com/government-intelli gence/2023/02/06/viktor-orban-s-intelligence-corps-keeps-watch-in-brussels109910285-art.

  59. “Hungarian Intelligence Presses Ahead with Reforms in Midst of Upheavals,” Intel- ligence Online, January 9, 2023, https://www.intelligenceonline.com/governmentintelligence/2023/01/09/hungarian-intelligence-presses-ahead-with-reforms-inmidst-of-upheavals,109879509-art.

  60. Tani Goldstein, “Israeli Firm to Sell Social Media–Tracking Software to Orban’s Hungary,” Times of Israel, September 28, 2022, https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-firm-to-sell-social-media-tracking-software-to-orbans-hungary/.

  61. Stephanie Kirchgaessner, “More Polish Opposition Figures Found to Have Been Targeted by Pegasus Spyware,” Guardian, February 17, 2022, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/17/more-polish-opposition-figures-found-tohave-been-targeted-by-pegasus-spyware (archive: perma.cc/88YR-5CKM).

  62. Federico Guerrini, “Pegasus Spyware Scandals Highlight Global Dangers as Activ- ists Demand Action,” Forbes, September 14, 2023, https://www.forbes.com/sites/federicoguerrini/2023/09/14/pegasus-spyware-scandals-highlight-global-dangers-as-activists-demand-action/ (archive: perma.cc/U9QC-JYUZ).

  63. Siena Anstis, “Litigation and Other Formal Complaints Related to Mercenary Spyware,” Citizen Lab, University of Toronto, December 12, 2018, https://citizenlab.ca/2018/12/litigation-and-other-formal-complaints-concerning-targeted-digitalsurveillance-and-the-digital-surveillance-industry/; Guerrini, “Pegasus Spyware Scandals Highlight Global Dangers.”

  64. Evon Huber, “Donald Tusk Claims ‘Witch Hunt’ in Warsaw Intelligence Probe,”inancial Times, April 19, 2017, https://www.ft.com/content/3a8c83e0-2508-11e7-a34a-538b4cb30025 (archive: perma.cc/9RDL-S5UR).

  65. Guerrini, “Pegasus Spyware Scandals Highlight Global Dangers.”

  66. Vanessa Gera, “Two More Poles Identified as Victims of Hacking with Spyware,” Associated Press, January 25, 2022, https://apnews.com/article/technology-europe-poland-hacking-spyware-4a410bda35df566632703e3578e5a99d (archive: perma.cc/BD7D-4FSX).

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  68. “Citizen Lab: Andrzej Malinowski inwigilowany Pegasusem,” TVN24, April 19, 2022, https://tvn24.pl/polska/pegasus-w-polsce-citizen-lab-andrzej-malinowski-in wigilowany-pegasusem-byly-prezes-pracodawcow-pr-komentuje-st5679884.

  69. Tasos Telloglou and Eliza Triantafyllou, “Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs Secret Investigation Reveals Spyware Export Licenses,” Inside Story, May 7, 2023, https://insidestory.gr/article/greek-ministry-foreign-affairs-secret-investigationreveals-predator-spyware-export-licenses.

  70. “Who Is ‘Hemedti,’ General behind Sudan’s Feared RSF Force?,” Al Jazeera, April 16, 2023, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/16/who-is-hemedti-the-puppeteer-behind-sudans-feared-rsf-fighters (archive: perma.cc/V8Y6-UAHT); Telloglou et al., “Flight of the Predator.”

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  76. Lavelle, “Reporters Dig Up More Links.”

  77. Alessio Giussani, “‘Predatorgate,’ Dozens of Greek Ministers and Journalists under Surveillance,” Osservatorio Balcani e Caucaso Transeuropa, November 9, 2022, https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/eng/Areas/Greece/Predatorgate-dozens-ofGreek-ministers-and-journalists-under-surveillance-221605; “Predator,” Documento, accessed May 29, 2024, https://www.documentonews.gr/tag/predator/ (archive: perma.cc/LJW5-FZ29).

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  84. Derek Gatopoulos, “Greece to Ban Spyware as Wiretap Scandal Grows,” Associ- ated Press, December 8, 2022, https://apnews.com/article/europe-greece-athens-government-14ea14a86dfecbf628395ff0674339a5 (archive: perma.cc/3HD4-E5WS).

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  90. Elisa Braun, Gian Volpicelli, and Eddie Wax, “The Qatargate Files: Hundreds of Leaked Documents Reveal Scale of EU Corruption Scandal,” Politico, December 4, 2023, https://www.politico.eu/article/european-parliament-qatargate-corruption-scandal-leaked-documents-pier-antonio-panzeri-francesco-giorgi-eva-kaili/ (archive: perma.cc/RZL5-E4MS).

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