“UAE: Investigate Threats against ‘UAE 5,’” Human Rights Watch, November 25, 2011, www.hrw.org/news/2011/11/25/uae-investigate-threats-against-uae-5 (archive: perma.cc/P2UY-2T7Z).

Juhie Bhatia, “Journalist’s Tweets Give Voice to Libya Uprisings,” Women’s eNews, March 22, 2011, www.womensenews.org/2011/03/journalists-tweets-give-voice-libya-uprisings/ (archive: perma.cc/ED7V-FV56).

Marc Owen Jones, “Social Media Fuelled the Arab Spring, then Helped Dictators Quash It,” New Arab, January 12, 2021, www.newarab.com/opinion/tech-fuelled-arab-spring-then-helped-quash-it (archive: perma.cc/6GRB-4SF5).

Cora Currier and Morgan Marquis-Boire, “Leaked Files: German Spy Company Helped Bahrain Hack Arab Spring Protesters,” Intercept, August 7, 2014, www.theintercept.com/2014/08/07/leaked-files-german-spy-company-helped-bahrain-track-arab-spring-protesters/ (archive: perma.cc/LJ79-TXFP).

Marwa Fatafta, “From Free Space to a Tool of Oppression: What Happened to the Internet since the Arab Spring?,” Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy, December 17, 2020, www.timep.org/2020/12/17/from-free-space-to-a-tool-of-oppression-what-happened-to-the-internet-since-the-arab-spring/ (archive: perma.cc/55RN-DJF6).

“How BAE Sold Cyber-Surveillance Tools to Arab States,” BBC, June 14, 2017, www.bc.com/news/world-middle-east-40276568 (archive: perma.cc/3AAR-6BZ5); Ronen Bergman and Mark Mazzetti, “The Battle for the World’s Most Powerful Cyberweapon,” New York Times, January 28, 2022, www.nytimes.com/2022/01/28/magazine/nso-group-israel-spyware.html.

Ian Black and Sarah Carr, “Egyptians Prise Open Secrets of Hosni Mubarak’s State Security Headquarters,” Guardian, March 7, 2011, www.theguardian.com/world/2011/mar/07/egypt-state-security-mubarak-cairo (archive: perma.cc/EQ6L-RZ8Q).

Karen McVeigh, “British Firm Offered Spying Software to Egyptian Regime— Documents,” Guardian, April 28, 2011, www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/apr/28/egypt-spying-software-gamma-finfisher (archive: perma.cc/8JCF-4TKY).

Ramy Raoof, “Egypt: How Companies Help the Government Spy on Activists,” Global Voices Advox, May 7, 2011, advox.globalvoices.org/2011/05/07/egypt-how-companies-help-the-government-spy-on-activists/ (archive: perma.cc/6ZL9-FNMD); David Pegg, “Bahraini Arab Spring Dissidents Sue UK Spyware Maker,” Guardian, October 11, 2018, www.theguardiancom/world/2018/oct/11/bahraini-arab-spring-dissidents-sue-uk-spyware-maker.

“The Spy Files,” WikiLeaks, December 1, 2011, www.wikileaks.org/spyfiles/listreleasedate/2011-12-08.html.

Vernon Silver, “Cyber Attacks on Activists Traced to FinFisher Spyware of Gamma,”loomberg, July 25, 2012, www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-07-25/cyberattacks-on-activists-traced-to-finfisher-spyware-of-gamma (archive: perma.cc/7CWL-QTJJ).

Morgan Marquis-Boire and Bill Marczak, From Bahrain with Love: FinFisher’s Spy Kit Exposed?, Research Report No. 9, Citizen Lab, University of Toronto, July 25, 2012, www.citizenlab.ca/2012/07/from-bahrain-with-love-finfishers-spy-kit-exposed/ (archive: perma.cc/968C-9Y6M).

Morgan Marquis-Boire, Backdoors Are Forever: Hacking Team and the Targeting of Dissent?, Research Report No. 12, Citizen Lab, University of Toronto, October 10, 2012, www.citizenlab.ca/2012/10/backdoors-are-forever-hacking-team-and-the-targeting-of-dissent/ (archive: perma.cc/9HHK-7CM7).

Tu Thanh Ha, “Middle Eastern Activists Being Cyber-Spied On: U of T Report,”lobe and Mail, October 10, 2012, www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/middle-eastern-activists-being-cyber-spied-on-u-of-t-report/article4601322/ (archive: perma.cc/FU77-495B).

Nicole Perlroth, “Ahead of Spyware Conference, More Evidence of Abuse,” New York Times, October 10, 2012, archive.nytimes.com/bits.blogs.nytimes.com/201210/10/ahead-of-spyware-conference-more-evidence-of-abuse/.

Bill Marczak and John Scott-Railton, Keep Calm and (Don’t) Enable Macros: A New Threat Actor Targets UAE Dissidents, Research Report No. 75, Citizen Lab, University of Toronto, May 29, 2016, www.citizenlab.ca/2016/05/stealth-falcon/ (archive: perma.cc/JFS3-P7DD).

Bryan Burrough, “How a Grad Student Found Spyware That Could Control Anybody’s iPhone from Anywhere in the World,” Vanity Fair, November 28, 2016, www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/11/how-bill-marczak-spyware-can-control-the-iphone (archive: perma.cc/RX7D-5JN6).

Bill Marczak and John Scott-Railton, The Million Dollar Dissident: NSO Group’s iPhone Zero-Days Used against a UAE Human Rights Defender, Research Report No. 78, Citizen Lab, University of Toronto, August 24, 2016, www.citizenlab.ca/2016/08/million-dollar-dissident-iphone-zero-day-nso-group-uae/ (archive: perma.cc/8CMB-RA2P).

Nicole Perlroth, “iPhone Users Urged to Update Software after Security Flaws Are Found,” New York Times, August 25, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26technology/apple-software-vulnerability-ios-patch.html.